Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for Table of Chinese monarchs

Table of Chinese monarchs
From Wikipedia

Below is a table of Chinese monarchs.

From the Shang dynasty to the Qin, rulers usually held the title King (王 wáng). With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin emperor Qin Shi Huang created a new title for himself, that of Emperor (皇帝 huángdì). This title of Emperor continued to be used for the remainder of China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.

Chinese monarchs were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names - for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing - but where possible the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.

These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.

Xia dynasty

Ca. 2070 BC - 1600 BC¹

Reign name<sup>2</sup>	Notes	Name by which most commonly known
^禹	Also known as: Dà Yǔ, 大禹> Also known as: Dà Yǔ, 大禹	Yu> Yu
^啟	Son of Yu: beginning of hereditary succession	Qi> Qi
^太康		Tai Kang> Tai Kang
^仲康		Zhong Kang> Zhong Kang
^相		Xiang> Xiang
^少康		Shao Kang> Shao Kang
^杼		Zhu> Zhu
^槐		Huai> Huai
^芒		Mang> Mang
^泄		Xie> Xie
^不降		Bu Jiang> Bu Jiang
^扃		Jiong> Jiong
^廑		Jin> Jin
^孔甲		Kong Jia> Kong Jia
^皋		Gao> Gao
^發		Fa> Fa
^桀	Also known as: Lǚ Gǔi, 履癸> Also known as: Lǚ Gǔi, 履癸	Jie> Jie
<small>1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.</small>
<small>2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xià (夏), for example Xià Yǔ (夏禹).</small>

Shang dynasty

Ca. 1600 BC - 1046 BC¹

Personal name	Reign name<sup>2</sup>	Temple name<sup>3</sup>	Reign years<sup>1</sup>	Name by which most commonly known
	Tang<br>湯		1600 BC - 1300 BC	Tang> Tang
	Wai Bing<br>外丙		Wai Bing> Wai Bing
	Zhong Ren<br>仲壬		Zhong Ren> Zhong Ren
	Tai Jia<br>太甲		Tai Jia> Tai Jia
	Wo Ding<br>沃丁		Wo Ding> Wo Ding
	Tai Geng<br>太庚		Tai Geng> Tai Geng
	Xiao Jia<br>小甲		Xiao Jia> Xiao Jia
	Yong Ji<br>雍己		Yong Ji> Yong Ji
	Tai Wu<br>太戊		Tai Wu> Tai Wu
	Zhong Ding<br>仲丁		Zhong Ding> Zhong Ding
	Wai Ren<br>外壬		Wai Ren> Wai Ren
	He Dan Jia<br>河亶甲		He Dan Jia> He Dan Jia
	Zu Yi<br>祖乙		Zu Yi> Zu Yi
	Zu Xin<br>祖辛		Zu Xin> Zu Xin
	Wo Jia<br>沃甲		Wo Jia> Wo Jia
	Zu Ding<br>祖丁		Zu Ding> Zu Ding
	Nan Geng<br>南庚		Nan Geng> Nan Geng
	Yang Jia<br>陽甲		Yang Jia> Yang Jia
	Pan Geng<br>盤庚		1300 BC - 1251 BC	Pan Geng<sup>4</sup>> Pan Geng<sup>4</sup>
	Xiao Xin<br>小辛		Xiao Xin> Xiao Xin
	Xiao Yi<br>小乙		Xiao Yi> Xiao Yi
	Wu Ding<br>武丁		1250 BC - 1192 BC> 1250 BC - 1192 BC	Wu Ding> Wu Ding
	Zu Geng<br>祖庚		1191 BC - 1148 BC	Zu Geng> Zu Geng
	Zu Jia<br>祖甲		Zu Jia> Zu Jia
	Lin Xin<br>廩辛		Lin Xin> Lin Xin
	Geng Ding<br>庚丁	Kang Ding<br>康丁	Kang Ding> Kang Ding
	Wu Yi<br>武乙		1147 BC - 1113 BC> 1147 BC - 1113 BC	Wu Yi> Wu Yi
	Wen Ding<sup>5</sup><br>文丁		1112 BC - 1102 BC> 1112 BC - 1102 BC	Wen Ding> Wen Ding
	Di Yi<br>帝乙		1101 BC - 1076 BC> 1101 BC - 1076 BC	Di Yi> Di Yi
Zi Zhou<br>子紂	Di Xin<br>帝辛		1075 BC - 1046 BC> 1075 BC - 1046 BC	Di Xin> Di Xin
<small>1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.</small>
<small>2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商), for example Shang Tang (商湯).</small>
<small>3 The name used in the oracle bone inscription records of ancestral sacrifice.</small>
<small>4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin.</small>
<small>5 Also known as Tai Ding (太丁).</small>

Zhou dynasty

Mid 11th century BC - 256 BC, traditionally divided into:

the Western Zhou dynasty, ca. 1046 BC¹ - 771 BC
the Eastern Zhou dynasty, 770 BC - 256 BC, in turn divided into:
- the Spring and Autumn period, 770 BC - 476 BC
- the Warring States period, 475 BC - 221 BC

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign years<sup>1</sup>	Name by which most commonly known
Ji Fa<br>姬發	Wuwang<br>武王	1046 BC-1043 BC<sup>1</sup>> 1046 BC-1043 BC<sup>1</sup>	King Wu of Zhou)> Zhou Wuwang<br>(King Wu of Zhou)
Ji Song<br>姬誦	Chengwang<br>成王	1042 BC-1021 BC<sup>1</sup>> 1042 BC-1021 BC<sup>1</sup>	King Cheng of Zhou)> Zhou Chengwang<br>(King Cheng of Zhou)
Ji Zhao<br>姬釗	Kangwang<br>康王	1020 BC-996 BC<sup>1</sup>> 1020 BC-996 BC<sup>1</sup>	King Kang of Zhou)> Zhou Kangwang<br>(King Kang of Zhou)
Ji Xia<br>姬瑕	Zhaowang<br>昭王	995 BC-977 BC<sup>1</sup>> 995 BC-977 BC<sup>1</sup>	King Zhao of Zhou)> Zhou Zhaowang<br>(King Zhao of Zhou)
Ji Man<br>姬滿	Muwang<br>穆王	976 BC-922 BC<sup>1</sup>> 976 BC-922 BC<sup>1</sup>	King Mu of Zhou)> Zhou Muwang<br>(King Mu of Zhou)
Ji Yihu<br>姬繄扈	Gongwang<br>共王	922 BC-900 BC<sup>1</sup>> 922 BC-900 BC<sup>1</sup>	King Gong of Zhou)> Zhou Gongwang<br>(King Gong of Zhou)
Ji Jian<br>姬囏	Yiwang<br>懿王	899 BC-892 BC<sup>1</sup>> 899 BC-892 BC<sup>1</sup>	King Yi of Zhou)> Zhou Yiwang<br>(King Yi of Zhou)
Ji Pifang<br>姬辟方	Xiaowang<br>孝王	891 BC-886 BC<sup>1</sup>> 891 BC-886 BC<sup>1</sup>	King Xiao of Zhou)> Zhou Xiaowang<br>(King Xiao of Zhou)
Ji Xie<br>姬燮	Yiwang<br>夷王	885 BC-878 BC<sup>1</sup>> 885 BC-878 BC<sup>1</sup>	King Yi of Zhou)> Zhou Yiwang<br>(King Yi of Zhou)
Ji Hu<br>姬胡	Liwang<br>厲王	877 BC-841 BC<sup>1</sup>> 877 BC-841 BC<sup>1</sup>	King Li of Zhou)> Zhou Liwang<br>(King Li of Zhou)
	regency)<br>共和> Gonghe (regency)<br>共和	841 BC-828 BC> 841 BC-828 BC	Gonghe> Gonghe
Ji Jing<br>姬靜	Xuanwang<br>宣王	827 BC-782 BC> 827 BC-782 BC	King Xuan of Zhou)> Zhou Xuanwang<br>(King Xuan of Zhou)
Ji Gongsheng<br>姬宮湦	Youwang<br>幽王	781 BC-771 BC> 781 BC-771 BC	King You of Zhou)> Zhou Youwang<br>(King You of Zhou)
Ji Yijiu<br>姬宜臼	Pingwang<br>平王	770 BC-720 BC> 770 BC-720 BC	King Ping of Zhou)> Zhou Pingwang<br>(King Ping of Zhou)
Ji Lin<br>姬林	Huanwang<br>桓王	719 BC-697 BC> 719 BC-697 BC	King Huan of Zhou)> Zhou Huanwang<br>(King Huan of Zhou)
Ji Tuo<br>姬佗	Zhuangwang<br>莊王	696 BC-682 BC> 696 BC-682 BC	King Zhuang of Zhou)> Zhou Zhuangwang<br>(King Zhuang of Zhou)
Ji Huqi<br>姬胡齊	Xiwang<br>釐王	681 BC-677 BC> 681 BC-677 BC	King Xi of Zhou)> Zhou Xiwang<br>(King Xi of Zhou)
Ji Lang<br>姬閬	Huiwang<br>惠王	676 BC-652 BC> 676 BC-652 BC	King Hui of Zhou)> Zhou Huiwang<br>(King Hui of Zhou)
Ji Zheng<br>姬鄭	Xiangwang<br>襄王	651 BC-619 BC> 651 BC-619 BC	King Xiang of Zhou)> Zhou Xiangwang<br>(King Xiang of Zhou)
Ji Renchen<br>姬壬臣	Qingwang<br>頃王	618 BC-613 BC> 618 BC-613 BC	King Qing of Zhou)> Zhou Qingwang<br>(King Qing of Zhou)
Ji Ban<br>姬班	Kuangwang<br>匡王	612 BC-607 BC> 612 BC-607 BC	King Kuang of Zhou)> Zhou Kuangwang<br>(King Kuang of Zhou)
Ji Yu<br>姬瑜	Dingwang<br>定王	606 BC-586 BC> 606 BC-586 BC	King Ding of Zhou)> Zhou Dingwang<br>(King Ding of Zhou)
Ji Yi<br>姬夷	Jianwang<br>簡王	585 BC-572 BC> 585 BC-572 BC	King Jian of Zhou)> Zhou Jianwang<br>(King Jian of Zhou)
Ji Xiexin<br>姬泄心	Lingwang<br>靈王	571 BC-545 BC> 571 BC-545 BC	King Ling of Zhou)> Zhou Lingwang<br>(King Ling of Zhou)
Ji Gui<br>姬貴	Jingwang<br>景王	544 BC-521 BC> 544 BC-521 BC	King Jing of Zhou)> Zhou Jingwang<br>(King Jing of Zhou)
Ji Meng<br>姬猛	Daowang<br>悼王	520 BC> 520 BC	King Dao of Zhou)> Zhou Daowang<br>(King Dao of Zhou)
Ji Gai<br>姬丐	Jingwang<br>敬王	519 BC-476 BC> 519 BC-476 BC	King Jing of Zhou)> Zhou Jingwang<br>(King Jing of Zhou)
Ji Ren<br>姬仁	Yuanwang<br>元王	475 BC-469 BC> 475 BC-469 BC	King Yuan of Zhou)> Zhou Yuanwang<br>(King Yuan of Zhou)
Ji Jie<br>姬介	Zhendingwang<br>貞定王	468 BC-442 BC> 468 BC-442 BC	King Zhending of Zhou)> Zhou Zhendingwang<br>(King Zhending of Zhou)
Ji Quji<br>姬去疾	Aiwang<br>哀王	441 BC> 441 BC	King Ai of Zhou)> Zhou Aiwang<br>(King Ai of Zhou)
Ji Shu<br>姬叔	Siwang<br>思王	441 BC> 441 BC	King Si of Zhou)> Zhou Siwang<br>(King Si of Zhou)
Ji Wei<br>姬嵬	Kaowang<br>考王	440 BC-426 BC> 440 BC-426 BC	King Kao of Zhou)> Zhou Kaowang<br>(King Kao of Zhou)
Ji Wu<br>姬午	Weiliewang<br>威烈王	425 BC-402 BC> 425 BC-402 BC	King Weilie of Zhou)> Zhou Weiliewang<br>(King Weilie of Zhou)
Ji Jiao<br>姬驕	Anwang<br>安王	401 BC-376 BC> 401 BC-376 BC	King An of Zhou)> Zhou Anwang<br>(King An of Zhou)
Ji Xi<br>姬喜	Liewang<br>烈王	375 BC-369 BC> 375 BC-369 BC	King Lie of Zhou)> Zhou Liewang<br>(King Lie of Zhou)
Ji Bian<br>姬扁	Xianwang<br>顯王	368 BC-321 BC> 368 BC-321 BC	King Xian of Zhou)> Zhou Xianwang<br>(King Xian of Zhou)
Ji Ding<br>姬定	Shenjingwang<br>慎靚王	320 BC-315 BC> 320 BC-315 BC	King Shenjing of Zhou)> Zhou Shenjingwang<br>(King Shenjing of Zhou)
Ji Yan<br>姬延	Nanwang<br>赧王	314 BC-256 BC> 314 BC-256 BC	King Nan of Zhou)> Zhou Nanwang<br>(King Nan of Zhou)
	Huiwang<br>惠王	255 BC-249 BC> 255 BC-249 BC	King Hui of Zhou)> Zhou Huiwang<sup>2</sup><br>(King Hui of Zhou)
<small>1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.</small>
<small>2 Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed King Hui as King Nan's successor after their capital, Luoyang, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. However Zhou resistance did not last long in the face of the Qin advance and so King Nan is widely considered to have been the last emperor of the Zhou dynasty.</small>

Qin dynasty

**Sovereigns of Qin Dynasty 221 B.C.-207 B.C.**
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns
Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name
Note: King Zhaoxiang of Qin (秦昭襄王, Qín Zhāoxiāng Wáng) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin anniliated Zhou Dynasty; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhaoshang Wang) as the official continuation from Zhou Dynasty therefore so should we. Qin Shi Huang was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor".
昭襄王 Zhāoxiāng Wáng	嬴則 Yíng Zé or 嬴稷 Yíng Jì	255 B.C.-250 B.C.
孝文王 Xiào Wénwáng	嬴柱 Yíng Zhù	250 B.C.
莊襄王 Zhuāngxiāng Wáng	嬴子楚 Yíng Zichǔ	249 B.C.-247 B.C.
始皇帝 Shǐ Huángdì	嬴政 Yíng Zhèng	246 B.C.-210 B.C.
二世皇帝 Èr Shì Huándì	嬴胡亥 Yíng Húhài	209 B.C.-207 B.C.
Ziying can be referred to using either his personal name or Qín Wáng Ziyīng (秦王子嬰)
Did not exist	嬴子嬰 Yíng Ziyīng	207 B.C.

Han dynasty

**Han Dynasty Sovereigns**
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Han" + posthumous name
Western Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-9 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Liu Bang (劉邦 liu3 bang1)	206 B.C.-195 B.C.	Did not exist
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)	Liu Ying (劉盈 liu3 ying2)	194 B.C.-188 B.C.	Did not exist
Shao Di (Shao Di Gong) (少帝 shao4 di4)	Liu Gong^劉恭 liu3 gong1	188 B.C.-184 B.C.	Did not exist
Shao Di (Shao Di Hong) (少帝 shao4 di4)	Liu Hong^劉弘 liu3 hong2	184 B.C.-180 B.C.	Did not exist
Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4)	Liu Heng (劉恆 liu3 heng2)	179 B.C.-157 B.C.	Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 163 B.C.-156 B.C.
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)	Liu Qi (劉啟 liu3 qi3)	156 B.C.-141 B.C.	Chngyuan (中元 zhong1 yuan2) 149 B.C.-143 B.C. Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 143 B.C.-141 B.C.
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	Liu Che (劉徹 liu3 che4)	140 B.C.- 87 B.C.	Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 140 B.C.-135 B.C. Yuanguang(元光 yuan2 guang1) 134 B.C.-129 B.C. Yuanshuo (元朔 yuan2 shuo4) 128 B.C.-123 B.C. Yuanshou (元狩 yuan2 shou4) 122 B.C.-117 B.C. Yuanding (元鼎 yuan2 ding3) 116 B.C.-111 B.C. Yuanfeng (元封 yuan2 feng1) 110 B.C.-105 B.C. Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 104 B.C.-101 B.C. Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 100 B.C.-97 B.C. Taishi (太始 tai4 shi3) 96 B.C.-93 B.C. Zhenghe (征和 zheng1 he2) 92 B.C.-89 B.C. Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 88 B.C.-87 B.C.
Zhao Di (昭帝 zhao1 di4)	Liu Fu Ling (劉弗陵 liu3 fu2 ling2)	86 B.C.- 74 B.C.	Shiyuan (始元 shi3 yuan2) 86 B.C.-80 B.C. Yuanfeng (元鳳 yuan2 feng4) 80 B.C.-75 B.C. Yuanping(元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C.
Chang Yi Wang (昌邑王 chang1 yi2 wang2)	Liu He (劉賀 liu3 he4)	74 B.C.	Yuanping(元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C.
Xuan Di (宣帝 xuan1 di4)	Liu Xun (劉詢 liu3 xun2)	73 B.C.- 49 B.C.	Benshi (本始 ben3 shi3) 73 B.C.-70 B.C. Dijie (地節 di4 jie2) 69 B.C.-66 B.C. Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 65 B.C.-61 B.C. Shenjue (神爵 shen2 jue2) 61 B.C.-58 B.C. Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 57 B.C.-54 B.C. Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 53 B.C.-50 B.C. Huanglong (黃龍 hunag2 long2) 49 B.C.
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	Liu Shi (劉奭 liu3 shi4)	48 B.C.- 33 B.C.	Chuyuan (初元 chu1 yuan2) 48 B.C.-44 B.C. Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 43 B.C.-39 B.C. Jianzhao (建昭 jian4 zhao1) 38 B.C.-34 B.C. Jingning (竟寧 jing4 ning2) 33 B.C.
Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4)	Liu Ao (劉驁 liu3 ao2)	32 B.C.-7 B.C.	Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 32 B.C.-28 B.C. Heping (河平 he2 ping2) 28 B.C.-25 B.C. Yangshuo(陽朔 yang2 shuo4) 24 B.C.-21 B.C. Hongjia (鴻嘉 hong2 jia1) 20 B.C.-17 B.C. Yongshi (永始 yong3 shi3) 16 B.C.-13 B.C. Yuanyan (元延 yuan2 yan2) 12 B.C.-9 B.C. Suihe (綏和 sui1 he2) 8 B.C.-7 B.C.
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4)	Liu Xin (劉欣 liu3 xin1)	6 B.C.-1 B.C.	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 6 B.C.-3 B.C. Yuanshou (元壽 yuan2 shou4) 2 B.C.-1 B.C.
Ping Di (平帝 ping2 di4)	Liu Kan (劉衎 liu3 kan4)	1-5	Yuanshi (元始 yuan2 shi3) 1-5
Ru Zi Ying (孺子嬰 ru2 zi5 ying1)	Liu Ying (劉嬰 liu3 ying1)	6-8	Jushe (居攝 ju1 she4) 6- October 8 Chushi (初始 chu1 shi3) November 8-December 8
the Xin Dynasty by Wang Mang	9-23	Shijianguo (始建國 shi3 jian4 guo1) 9- 13 Tianfeng (天鳳 tian1 feng1) 14-19 Dihuang (地皇 di4 huang2) 20-23
Geng Shi Di (更始帝 gang4 shi3 di4)	Liu Xuan (劉玄 liu3 xuan2)	23-25	Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 23-25
Eastern Han Dynasty 25 AD - 220 AD
Guang Wu Di (光武帝 guang1 wu3 di4)	Liu Xiu (劉秀 liu3 xiu4)	25-57	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 25-56 Jianwuzhongyuan (建武中元 jian4 wu3 zhong1 yuan2) 56-57
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	Liu Zhuang (劉莊 liu3 zhuang1)	58-75	Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 58-75
Zhang Di (章帝 zhang1 di4)	Liu Da (劉炟 liu3 da2)	76-88	Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 76-84 Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 84-87 Zhanghe (章和 zhang1 he2) 87-88
He Di (和帝 he2 di4)	Liu Zhao (劉肇 liu3 zhao4)	89-105	Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 89-105 Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 105
Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4)	Liu Long (劉隆 liu3 long2)	106	Yanping (延平 yan2 ping2) 9 months in 106
An Di (安帝 an1 di4)	Liu Hu (劉祜 liu3 hu4)	106-125	Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 107-113 Yuanchu (元初 yuan2 chu1) 114-120 Yongning(永寧 yong3 ning2) 120-121 Jianguang (建光 jian4 guang1) 121-122 Yanguang (延光 yan2 guang1) 122-125
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Bei Xiang Hou (北鄉侯 bei3 xiang1 hou2)	Liu Yi (劉懿 liu3 yi4)	125	Yanguang (延光 yan2 guang1) 125
Shun Di (順帝 shun4 di4)	Liu Bao (劉保 liu3 bao2)	125-144	Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 126-132 Yangjia (陽嘉 yang2 jia1) 132-135 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 136-141 Hanan (漢安 han4 an1) 142-144 Jiankang (建康 jian4 kang1) 144
Chong Di (沖帝 chong1 di4)	Liu Bing (劉炳 liu3 bing3)	144-145	Yongxi (永熹 yong1 xi1) 145
Zhi Di (質帝 zhi2 di4)	Liu Zuan (劉纘 liu3 zuan3)	145-146	Benchu (本初 ben3 chu1) 146
Huan Di (桓帝 huan2 di4)	Liu Zhi (劉志 liu3 zhi3)	146-168	Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 147-149 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 150 Yuanjia (元嘉 yuan2 jia1) 151-153 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 153-154 Yongshou (永壽 yong3 shou4) 155-158 Yanxi (延熹 yan2 xi1) 158-167 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 167
Ling Di (靈帝 ling2 di4)	Liu Hong (劉宏 liu2 hong2)	168-189	Jianning (建寧 jian4 ning2) 168-172 Xiping (熹平 xi1 ping2) 172-178 Guanghe (光和 guang1 he2) 178-184 Zhongping(中平 zhong1 ping2) 184-189
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Hong Nong Wang (弘農王 hong2 nong2 wang2)	Liu Bian (劉辯 liu3 bian4)	189	Guangxi (光熹 guang1 xi1) 189 Zhaoning (昭寧 zhao1 ning2) 189
Xian Di (獻帝 xian4 di4)	Liu Xie (劉協 liu3 xie2)	189-220	Yonghan (永漢 yong3 han4) 189 Chuping (初平 chu1 ping2) 190-193 Xingping (興平 xing1 ping2) 194-195 Jianan (建安 jian4 an1) 196-220 Yankang (延康 yan2 kang1) 220

Three Kingdoms Period

**Three Kingdoms Sovereigns**
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Wei 220-265 AD
Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names.
Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4)	Cao Pi^曹丕 cao2 pi1	220-226	Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	Cao Rui^曹叡 cao2 rui4	226-239	Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237 Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239
Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2)	Cao Fang^曹芳 cao2 fang1	239-254	Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254
Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1)	Cao Mao^曹髦 cao2 mao2	254-260	Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	Cao Huan^曹奐 cao2 huan4	260-265	Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264 Xianxi (咸熙 xian2 xi1) 264-265
Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263
Convention: use personal name
Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4)	劉備 (liu2 bei4)	221-223	Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Liu Chan^劉禪 (liu2 xhan2)	223-263	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257 Jingyao (景耀 jing3 yao4) 258-263 Yanxing (炎興 yan2 xing1) 263
Wu 222-280
Convention: use personal name
Da Di (大帝 da4 di4)	孫權 sun1 quan2	222-252	Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229 Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231 Jiahe (嘉禾 jia1 he2) 232-238 Chiwu (赤烏 chi4 wu1) 238-251 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 251-252 Shenfeng (神鳳 shen2 feng4) 252
Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2)	Sun Liang^孫亮 sun1 liang4	252-258	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253 Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 254-256 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 256-258
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)	Sun Xiu 孫休 sun1 xiu1	258-264	Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264
Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2)	Sun Hao 孫皓 sun1 hao4	264-280	Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 265-266 Baoding (寶鼎 bao3 ding3) 266-269 Jianheng (建衡 jian4 heng2) 269-271 Fenghuang (鳳凰 feng4 huang2) 272-274 Tiance (天冊 tian1 ce4) 275-276 Tianxi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 276 Tianji (天紀 tian1 ji4) 277-280

Jin Dynasty

**Jin Dynasty (265-420) Sovereigns**
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name
Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	Sima Yan 司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2	265-290	Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-280 Taikang (太康 tai4 kang1) 280-289 Taixi (太熙 tai4 xi1) 290
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)	Sima Zhong^司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1	290-306	Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping) 291 Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 291-299 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 300-301 Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 301-302 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 302-303 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 304 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 304-306 Guangxi (光熙 guang1 xi1) 306
Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4)	Sima Chi^司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4	307-311	Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313
Min Di(愍帝 min3 di4)	Sima Ye^司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4	313-317	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317
Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	Sima Rui^司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4	317-322	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 318-321 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 321-322
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	Sima Shao^司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4	322-325	Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 323-325
Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4)	Sima Yan^司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3	325-342	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325 Xianhe (咸和 xian2 he2) 326-334 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 335-342
Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4)	Sima Yue^司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4	342-344	Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344
Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4)	Sima Dan^司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1	345-361	Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357-361
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4)	Sima Pi^司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1	361-365	Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363 Xingning (興寧 xing1 ning2) 363-365
Fei Di (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1)	Sima Yi^司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4	365-371	Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4)	Sima Yu^司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4	371-372	Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372
Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4)	Sima Yao^司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4	372-396	Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 376-396
An Di (安帝 an1 di4)	Sima De Zong^司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1	396-418	Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401 Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 402-404 Yixi (義熙 yi4 xi1) 405-418
Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4)	Sima De Wen^司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2	419-420	Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420

Sixteen Kingdoms Period

**Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms**
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire)
Han Empire 304-318
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4)	Liu Yuan^劉淵 liu2 yuan1	304-310	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308 Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309 Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310
Did not exist	Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2)	Liu He^劉和 liu2 he2	7 days in 310	Did not exist
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4)	Liu Cong^劉聰 liu2 cong1	310-318	Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 315-316 Linjia (麟嘉 lin2 jia1) 316-318
Did not exist	Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4)	Liu Can^劉粲 liu2 can4	a month and days in 318	Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318
Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Liu Yao^劉曜 liu2 yao4	318-329	Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329
Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	Shi Le^石勒 shi2 le4	319-333	Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 328-330 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333
Did not exist	Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2)	Shi Hong^石弘 shi2 hong2	333-334	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	Shi Hu^石虎 shi2 hu3	334-349	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349
Did not exist	Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2)	Shi Shi^石世 shi2 shi4	73 days in 349	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349
Did not exist	Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2)	Shi Zun^石遵 shi2 zun1	183 days in 349	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349
Did not exist	Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2)	Shi Jian^石鑒 shi2 jian4	103 days within 349-350	Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350
Did not exist	Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2)	Shi Zhi^石祗 shi2 zhi1	350-351	Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350
Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD(addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire)
Cheng Empire 303-338
Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)	Li Te^李特 li3 te4	303	Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303
Did not exist	Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2)	Li Liu^李流 li3 liu2	several months in 303	Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	Li Xiong^李雄 li3 xiong2	303-334	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305 Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 311-334
Did not exist	Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4)	Li Ban^李班 li3 ban1	7 months in 334	Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334
Did not exist	You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1)	Li Qi^李期 li3 qi1	334-338	Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338
Han Empire 338-347
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4)	Li Shou^李壽 li3 shou4	338-343	Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343
Did not exist	Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2)	Li Shi^李勢 li3 shi4	343-347	Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346 Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347
Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4)	Mu Rong Huang^慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3	337-348	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4)	Mu Rong Jun^慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4	348-360	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353 Yuanxi (元璽 yuan2 xi3) 353-357 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357 Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4) 357-360
Did not exist	You Di (幽帝 you1 di4)	Mu Rong Wei^慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3	360-370	Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370
Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4)	Mu Rong Chui^慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2	384-396	Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4)	Mu Rong Bao^慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3	396-398	Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4)	Mu Rong Sheng^慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4	398-401	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398 Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401
Did not exist	Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4)	Mu Rong Xi^慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1	401-407	Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407
Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4)	Mu Rong De^慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2	398-405	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Mu Rong Chao^慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1	405-410	Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410
Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436
Did not exist	Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4)	Gao Yun^高雲 gao1 yun2	407-409	Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4)	Feng Ba^馮跋 feng2 ba2	409-430	Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430
Did not exist	Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4)	Feng Hong^馮弘 feng2 hong2	430-436	Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436
Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376
Did not exist	Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1)	Zhang Mao^張茂 zhang1 mao4	320-324	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324
Did not exist	Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1)	Zhang Jun^張駿 zhang1 jun4	324-346	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346
Did not exist	Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1)	Zhang Chong Hua^張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2	346-353	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353
Did not exist	Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1)	Zhang Yao Ling^張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2	3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353
Did not exist	Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2)	Zhang Zuo^張祚 zhang1 zuo4	353-355	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355
Did not exist	Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1)	Zhang Xuan Jing^張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4	355-363	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363
Did not exist	Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1)	Zhang Tian Xi^張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2	364-376	Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376
Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2)	Luu Guang^呂光 uu3 guang1	386-399	Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399
Did not exist	Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2)	Luu Shao^呂紹 luu3 shao4	399	Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399
Did not exist	Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2)	Luu Zuan^呂纂 luu3 zuan3	399-401	Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401
Did not exist	Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1)	Luu Long^呂隆 luu3 long2	401-403	Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403
Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3)	Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2)	Tufa Wu Gu^禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1	397-399	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399
Did not exist	Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2)	Tufa Li Lu Gu^禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1	399-402	Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402
Did not exist	Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2)	Tufa Ru Tan^禿髮傉檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru4 tan2	402-414	Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 409-414
Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-414 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460)
Did not exist	Did not exist	Duan Ye^段業 duan4 ye4	397-401	Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399 Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2)	Ju Qu Meng Xun^沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4	401-433	Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428 Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430 Yihe (義和 yi4 he2) 430-433
Did not exist	Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2)	Ju Qu Mu Jian^沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1	433-439	Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439
Did not exist	Did not exist	Ju Qu Wu Hui^沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4	442-444	Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443 Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444
Did not exist	Did not exist	Ju Qu An Zhou^沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1	444-460	Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460
Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2)	Li Gao^李暠 li3 gao3	400-417	Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Li Xin^李歆 li3 xin1	417-420	Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Li Xun^李恂 li3 xun2	420-421	Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421
Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4)	Fu Jian^苻健 fu2 jian4	351-355	Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355
Did not exist	Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2)	Fu Sheng^苻生 fu2 sheng1	355-357	Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4)	Fu Jian^苻堅 fu2 jian1	357-385	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385
Did not exist	Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4)	Fu Pi^苻丕 fu2 pi1	385-386	Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4)	Fu Deng^苻登 fu2 deng1	386-394	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Fu Chong^苻崇 fu2 chong2	several months in 394	Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394
Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4)	Yao Chang^姚萇 yao2 chang2	384-393	Bai Que(白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4)	Yao Xing^姚興 yao2 xing1	394-416	Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399 Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Yao Hong^姚泓 yao2 hong2	416-417	Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417
Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3)	Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2)	Qifu Guo Ren^乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2	385-388	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2)	Qifu Gan Gui^乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1	388-400,409-412	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2)	Qifu Chi Pan^乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2	388-400,409-412	Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419 Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	Qifu Mu Mo^乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4	428-431	Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431
Xia Empire 407-431
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4)	Helian Bo Bo^赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2	407-425	Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418 Changwu (昌武 chang1 wu3) 418-419 Zhenxing (真興 chen1 xing1) 419-425
Did not exist	Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2)	Helian Chang^赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1	425-428	Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428
Did not exist	Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2)	Helian Ding^赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4	428-431	Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428

Sovereignties established by Wu Hu

**Sovereignties established by Chinese and Wu Hu but traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms**
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts)
Wu Dao Tian Wang (武道天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2)	Ran Min^冉閔 ran3 min3	350-352	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352
Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394
Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4)	Mu Rong Hong^慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2	384	Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384
Did not exist	Mu Rong Chong^慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1	384-386	Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386
Did not exist	Duan Sui^段隨 duan4 sui2	386	Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386
Did not exist	Mu Rong Tao^慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1	386	Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386
Did not exist	Mu Rong Yao^慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2	386	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386
Did not exist	Mu Rong Zhong^慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1	386	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386
Did not exist	Mu Rong Yong^慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3	386-394	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394
Shu Kingdom 405-413
Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2)	Qiao Zong^譙縱 qiao2 zong4	405-413	Did not exist
Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 )
Did not exist	Liu Qu Bei^劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1	mid 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Gao Sheng Yuan^劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2	mid 3rd century - late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Hu^劉虎 liu2 hu3	early 4th century (309?) - 341	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Wu Heng^劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2	341-356	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu E Lou Tou^劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2	356-358	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Xi Wu Qi^劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2	358-359	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Wei Chen^劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2	359-391	Did not exist
Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe ( late-3rd century-345 )
Did not exist	Yuwen Mo Huai^宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2	late 3rd century-293	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Pu Hui^宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo^宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1	293-late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Qiu Bu Quan^宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2	late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Mo Gui^宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1	late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?)	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Xi Du Guan^宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1	early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Qi De Gui^宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1	early 3rd century - 333	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Yi Dou Gui^宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1	333-345	Did not exist
Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338
Did not exist	Duan Wu Wu Chen^段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2	303-310 or 311	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Ji Lu Quan^段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4	310 or 311 - 318	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan She Fu Chen^段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2	318	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Pi Di^段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1	318-321	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Mo Pei^段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1	318-325	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Ya^段牙 duan4 ya2	325	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Liao^段遼 duan4 liao2	326-338	Did not exist
Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) )
First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371)
Did not exist	Yang Teng^楊騰 yang2 teng2	late 2nd century- early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Ju^楊駒 yang2 ju1	early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Qian Wan^楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4	early 3rd century - mid 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Fei Long^楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2	mid 3rd century - late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Mao Sou^楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1	late 3rd century - 317	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Nan Di^楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2	317-334	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Yi^楊毅 yang2 yi4	334-337	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Chu^楊初 yang2 chu1	337-355	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Guo^楊國 yang2 guo2	355-356	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Jun^楊俊 yang2 jun4	356-360	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Shi^楊世 yang2 shi4	360-370	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Cuan^楊篡 yang2 cuan4	370-371	Did not exist
Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473
Wu Wang^武王 wu3 wang2	Yang Ding^楊定 yang2 ding4	385-394	Did not exist
Hui Wen Wang^惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2	Yang Sheng^楊盛 yang2 sheng4	394-425	Did not exist
Xiao Zhao Wang^孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2	Yang Xuan^楊玄 yang2 xuan2	425-429	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Bao Zong^楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1	429 and 443	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Nan Dang^楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1	429-441	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440
Did not exist	Yang Bao Chi^楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4	442-443	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Wen De^楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2	443-454	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Yuan He^楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2	455-466	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Seng Si^楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4	466-473	Did not exist
Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555
Did not exist	Yang Wen Du^楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4	473-477	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Wen Hong^楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2	477-482	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Hou Qi^楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3	482-486	Did not exist
An Wang (安王 an1 wang2)	Yang Ji Shi^楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3	482-503	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Shao Xian^楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1	503-506, 534-535	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Zhi Hui^楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4	535-545	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Bi Xie^楊辟邪 yang2 bi4 xie2	545-553	Did not exist
Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person
Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century
Did not exist	Yang Guang Xiang^楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1	477-483?	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Jiong^楊炯 yang2 jiong3	483-495	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Chong Zu^楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3	495-before 502	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Meng Sun^楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1	before 502-511	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Ding^楊定 yang2 ding4	511- ?	Did not exist
Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 305?-377)
As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table.
Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu* and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.*
Shen Yuan Wang^神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2	Tuoba Li Wei^拓拔力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2	219-277	Did not exist
Note: His temple name was Shi Zu^始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name
Zhang Wang^章王 zhang1 wang2	Tuoba Xi Lu^拓拔悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4	277-286	Did not exist
Ping Wang^平王 ping2 wang2	Tuoba Chuo^拓拔綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4	286-293	Did not exist
Si Wang^思王 si1 wang2	Tuoba Fu^拓拔弗 tou4 ba2 fu2	293-294	Did not exist
Zhao Wang^昭王 zhao1 wang2	Tuoba Lu Guan^拓拔祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1	294-307	Did not exist
Mu Wang^穆王 mu4 wang2	Tuoba Yi Tuo^拓拔猗(㐌 - 拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 yi2	295-305	Did not exist
Mu Wang^穆王 mu4 wang2	Tuoba Yi Lu^拓拔猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2	295-316	Did not exist
Did not exist	Tuoba Pu Gen^拓拔普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1	316	Did not exist
Did not exist	Tuoba (no first name)^拓拔? tou4 ba2 ?	316	Did not exist
Ping Wen Wang^平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2	Tuoba Yu Luu^拓拔鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4	316-321	Did not exist
Hui Wang^惠王 hui4 wang2	Tuoba He Ru^拓拔賀傉 tou4 ba2 he4 ru4	321-325	Did not exist
Yang Wang^煬王 yang2 wang2	Tuoba He Na^拓拔紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3	325-329 and 335-337	Did not exist
Lie Wang^烈王 lie4 wang2	Tuoba Yi Huai^拓拔翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2	329-335 and 337-338	Did not exist
Zhao Cheng Wang^昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2	Tuoba Shi Yi Jian^拓拔什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4	338-377	Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377

Northern and Southern Dynasties

**Sovereigns in the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period**
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Northern dynasty
Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 386-535
Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name
As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there.
Dao Wu Di^道武帝 dao4 wu3 di4	Tuoba Gui^拓拔珪 tou4 ba2 gui1	386-409	Dengguo (登國 deng1 guo2) 386-396 Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 396-398 Tianxing (天興 tian1 xing1) 398-404 Tianci (天賜 tian1 ci4) 404-409
Ming Yuan Di^明元帝 ming2 yuan2 di4	Tuoba Si^拓拔嗣 tou4 ba2 si4	409-423	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 409-413 Shenrui (神瑞 shen2 rui4) 414-416 Taichang (泰常 tai4 chang2) 416-423
Tai Wu Di^太武帝 tai4 wu3 di4	Tuoba Tao^拓拔燾 tou4 ba2 tao2	424-452	Shiguang (始光 shi3 guang1) 424-428 Shenjia (神麚 shen2 jia1) 428-431 Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 432-434 Taiyan (太延 tai4 yan2) 435-440 Taipingzhenjun (太平真君 tai4 ping2 zhen1 jun1) 440-451 Zhengping (正平 zheng4 ping2) 451-452
Nan An Wang^南安王 nan2 an1 wang2	Tuoba Yu^拓拔余 tou4 ba2 yu2	452	Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) or Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 452
Wen Cheng Di^文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4	Tuoba Jun^拓拔濬 tou4 ba2 jun4	452-465	Xingan (興安 xing1 an1) 452-454 Xingguang (興光 xing1 guang1) 454-455 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 455-459 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 460-465
Xian Wen Di^獻文帝 xian4 wen2 di4	Tuoba Hong^拓拔弘 tou4 ba2 hong2	466-471	Tianan (天安 tian1 an1) 466-467 Huangxing (皇興 huang2 xing1) 467-471
Xiao Wen Di^孝文帝 xiao4 wen2 di4	Yuan Hong^元宏 yuan2 hong2	471-499	Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 471-476 Chengming (承明 cheng2 ming2) 476 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 477-499
Xuan Wu Di^宣武帝 xuan1 wu3 di4	Yuan Ke^元恪 yuan2 ke4	500-515	Jingming (景明 jing3 ming2) 500-503 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 504-508 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 508-512 Yanchang (延昌 yan2 chang1) 512-515
Xiao Ming Di^孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4	Yuan Xu^元詡 yuan2 xu3	516-528	Xiping (熙平 xi1 ping2) 516-518 Shengui (神龜 shen2 gui1) 518-520 Zhengguang (正光 zheng4 guang1) 520-525 Xiaochang (孝昌 xiao4 chang1) 525-527 Wutai (武泰 wu3 tai4) 528
Xiao Zhuang Di^孝莊帝 xiao4 zhuang1 di4	Yuan Zi You^元子攸 yuan2 zi5 you1	528-530	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 528 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 528-530
Chang Guang Wang^長廣王 chang2 guang3 wang2 or Jing Di^敬帝 jing4 di4	Yuan Ye^元曄 yuan2 ye4	530-531	Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 530-531
Jue Min Di^節閔帝 jie2 min3 di4	Yuan Gong^元恭 yuan2 gong1	531-532	Putai (普泰 pu3 tai4) 531-532
An Ding Wang^安定王 an1 ding4 wang2 or Chu Di^出帝 chu1 di4	Yuan Lang^元朗 yuan2 lang3	531-532	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 531-532
Xiao Wu Di^孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4	Yuan Xiu^元脩 yuan2 xiu1	532-535	Taichang (太昌 tai4 chang1) 532 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 532 Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 532-535
Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 534-550
Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name
Xiao Jing Di^孝靜帝 xiao1 jing4 di4	Yuan Shan Jian^元善見 yuan2 shan4 jian4	534-550	Tianping (天平 tian1 ping2) 534-537 Yuanxiang (元象 yuan2 xiang4) 538-539 Xinghe (興和 xing1 he2) 539-542 Wuding (武定 wu3 ding4) 543-550
Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 550-577
Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name
Wen Xuan Di^文宣帝 wen2 xuan1 di4	Gao Yang^高洋 gao1 yang2	550-559	Tianbao (天保 tain1 bao3) 550-559
Fei Di^廢帝 fei4 di4	Gao Yin^高殷 gao1 yin1	560	Qianming (乾明 qian1 ming2) 560
Xiao Zhao Di^孝昭帝 xiao1 zhao1 di4	Gao Yan^高演 gao1 yan3	560-561	Huangjian (皇建 huang2 jian4) 560-561
Wu Cheng Di^武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4	Gao Zhan^高湛 gao1 zhan4	561-565	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 561-562 Heqing (河清 he2 qing1) 562-565
Hou Zhu^後主 hou4 zhu3	Gao Wei^高緯 gao1 wei3	565-577	Tiantong (天統 tian1 tong3) 565-569 Wuping (武平 wu3 ping2) 570-576 Longhua (隆化 long2 hua3 576
You Zhu^幼主 you4 zhu3	Gao Heng^高恆 gao1 heng2	577	Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 577
Fan Yang Wang^范陽王 fan4 yang2 wang2	Gao Shao Yi^高紹義 gao1 shao4 yi4	577-579?	Did not exist
Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 535-556
Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name
Wen Di^文帝 wen2 di4	Yuan Bao Ju^元寶炬 yuan2 bao3 ju4	535-551	Datong (大統 da4 tong3) 535-551
Fei Di^廢帝 fei4 di4	Yuan Qin^元欽 yuan2 qin1	552-554	Did not exist
Gong Di^恭帝 gong1 di4	Yuan Kuo^元廓 yuan2 kuo4	554-556	Did not exist
Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 557-581
Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name
Xiao Min Di^孝閔帝 xiao1 min3 di4	Yuwen Jue^宇文覺 yu3 wen2 jue2	557	Did not exist
Ming Di^明帝 ming2 di4 or Xiao Ming Di^孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4	Yuwen Yu^宇文毓 yu3 wen2 yu4	557-560	Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng2) 559-560
Wu Di^武帝 wu3 di4	Yuwen Yong^宇文邕 yu3 wen2 yong1	561-578	Baoding (保定 bao3 ding4) 561-565 Tianhe (天和 tian1 he2) 566-572 Jiande (建德 jian4 de2) 572-578 Xuanzheng (宣政 xuan1 zheng4) 578
Xuan Di^宣帝 xuan1 di4	Yuwen Yun^宇文贇 yu3 wen2 yun1	579	Dacheng (大成 da4 cheng2) 579
Jing Di^靜帝 jing4 di4	Yuwen Chan^宇文闡 yu3 wen2 chan3	579-581	Daxiang (大象 da4 xiang4) 579-581 Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 581
Southern dynasty 420-589
Song Dynasty (420-479)
Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name.
Wu Di^武帝 wu3 jing4 di4	Liu Yu^劉裕 liu3 yu4	420-422	Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 420-422
Shao Di^少帝 shao4 di4	Liu Yi Fu^劉義符 liu3 yi4 fu2	423-424	Jingping (景平 jing3 ping2) 423-424
Wen Di^文帝 wen2 di4	Liu Yi Long^劉義隆 liu3 yi4 long2	424-453	Yuanjia (元嘉 yaun2 jia1) 424-453
Xiao Wu Di^孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4	Liu Jun^劉駿 liu3 jun4	454-464	Xiaojian (元嘉 xiao1 jian4) 454-456 Daming (大明 da4 ming2) 457-464
Qian Fei Di^前廢帝 qian2 fei4 di4	Liu Zi Ye^劉子業 liu3 zi5 ye4	465	Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 465 Jinghe (景和 jing3 he2) 465
Ming Di^明帝 ming2 di4	Liu Yu^劉彧 liu3 yu4	465-472	Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 465-471 Taiyu (泰豫 tai4 yu4) 472
Hou Fei Di^後廢帝 hou4 fei4 di4 or Cang Wu Wang^蒼梧王 cang1 wu2 wang2	Liu Yu^劉昱 liu3 yu4	473-477	Yuanhui (元徽 yuan2 hui1) 473-477
Shun Di^順帝 shun4 di4	Liu Zhun^劉準 liu3 zhun3	477-479	Shengming (昇明 sheng1 ming2) 477-479
Qi Dynasty 479-502
Convention: Qi + posthumous name
Gao Di^高帝 gao1 di4	Xiao Dao Cheng^蕭道成 xiao1 dao4 cheng2	479-482	Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 479-482
Wu Di^武帝 wu3 jing4 di4	Xiao Ze^蕭賾 xiao1 ze2	483-493	Yongming (永明 yong3 ming2) 483-493
Yu Lin Wang^鬱林王 yu4 lin2 wang2	Xiao Zhao Ye^蕭昭業 xiao1 zhao1 ye4	494	Longchang (隆昌 long2 chang1) 494
Hai Ling Wang (海陵王 hai3 ling2 wang2)	Xiao Zhao Wen^蕭昭文 xiao1 zhao1 wen2	494	Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 494
Ming Di^明帝 ming2 di4	Xiao Luan^蕭鸞 xiao1 luan2	494-498	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 494-498 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 498
Dong Hun Hou (東昏侯 dong1 hun1 hou2)	Xiao Bao Juan^蕭寶卷 xiao1 bao3 juan3	499-501	Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 499-501
He Di^和帝 he2 di4	Xiao Bao Rong^蕭寶融 xiao1 bao3 rong2	501-502	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 501-502
Liang Dynasty 502-557
Convention: Liang + posthumous name
Wu Di^武帝 wu3 jing4 di4	Xiao Yan^蕭衍 xiao1 yan3	502-549	Tianjian (天監 tian1 jian1) 502-519 Putong (普通 pu3 tong1) 520-527 Datong (大通 da4 tong1) 527-529 Zhongdatong (中大通 zhong1 da4 tong1) 529-534 Datong (大同 da4 tong2) 535-546 Zhongdatong (中大同 zhong1 da4 tong2) 546-547 Taiqing (太清 tai4 qing1) 547-549
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4)	Xiao Gang^蕭綱 xiao1 gang1	549-551	Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 550-551
Yu Zhang Wang (豫章王 yu4 zhang1 wang2)	Xiao Dong^蕭棟 xiao1 dong4	551-552	Tianzheng (天正 tian1 zheng4) 551-552
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	Xiao Yi^蕭繹 xiao1 yi4	552-555	Chengsheng (承聖 cheng2 sheng4) 552-555
Zhen Yang Hou (貞陽侯 zhen1 yang2 hou2)	Xiao Yuan Ming^蕭淵明 xiao1 yuan1 ming2	555	Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 555
Jing Di^敬帝 jing4 di4	Xiao Fang Zhi^蕭方智 xiao1 fang1 zhi4	555-557	Shaotai (紹泰 shao4 tai4) 555-556 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 556-557
Chen Dynasty 557-589
Convention: Chen + posthumous name
Wu Di^武帝 wu3 di4	Chen Ba Xian^陳霸先 chen2 ba4 xian1	557-559	Yongding (永定 yong3 ding4) 557-559
Wen Di^文帝 wen2 di4	Chen Qian^陳蒨 chen2 qian4	560-566	Tianjia (天嘉 tian1 jia1) 560-566 Tiankang (天康 tian1 kang1) 566
Fei Di^廢帝 fei4 di4	Chen Bo Zong^陳伯宗 chen2 bo2 zong1	567-568	Guangda (光大 guang1 da4) 567-568
Xuan Di^宣帝 xuan1 di4	Chen Xu^陳頊 chen2 xu1	569-582	Taijian (太建 tai4 jian4) 569-582
Hou Zhu^後主 hou4 zhu3	Chen Shu Bao^陳叔寶 chen2 shu2 bao3	583-589	Zhide (至德 zhi4 de2) 583-586 Zhenming (禎明 zhen1 ming2) 587-589

**Nan (Southern) Liang Dynasty 555-587**
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous name
Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang Dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang Dynasty.
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Xuan Di^宣帝 xuan1 di4	Xiao Cha^蕭察 xiao1 cha2	555-562	Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 555-562
Shi Zong (世4宗 zhong1 zong1)	Xiao Ming Di^孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4	Xiao Kui^蕭巋 xiao1 kui1	562-585	Tianbao (天保 tian1 bao3) 562-585
Did not exist	Xiao Jing Di^孝靜帝 xiao4 jing4 di4 or Ju Gong^莒公 ju3 gong1	Xiao Cong^蕭琮 xiao1 cong2	585-587	Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 562-585

Sui Dynasty

**Sui Dynasty 581-618**
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name
Wen Di 文帝 wen2 di4	Yang Jian^楊堅 yang2 jian1	581-604	Kaihuang (開皇 kai1 huang2) 581-600 Renshou (仁壽 ren2 shou4) 601-604
Yang Di 煬帝 yang2 di4	Yang Guang^楊廣 yang2 guang3	605-617	Daye (大業 da4 ye4) 605-617
Gong Di 恭帝 gong1 di4	Yang You^楊侑 yang2 you4	617-618	Yining (義寧 yi4 ning2) 617-618

Tang Dynasty

**Tang Dynasty 618-690, 705-907**
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟;號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Tang" + temple name
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Li Yuan^李淵 li3 yuan1	618-626	Wude (武德 wu3 de2) 618-626
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Li Shi Min^李世民 li3 shi4 min2	627-649	Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 627-649
Gao Zong (高宗 gao1 zong1)	Li Zhi ^李治 li3 zhi4	650-683	Yonghui (永徽 yong3 hui1) 650-655 Xianqing (顯慶 xian3 qing4) 656-661 Longshuo (龍朔 long2 shuo4) 661-663 Linde (麟德 lin2 de2) 664-665 Qianfeng (乾封 qian2 feng1) 666-668 Zongzhang (總章 zong3 zhang1) 668-670 Xianheng (咸亨 xian2 heng1) 670-674 Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 674-676 Yifeng (儀鳳 yi2 feng4) 676-679 Tiaolu (調露 tiao2 lu4) 679-680 Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 680-681 Kaiyao (開耀 kai1 yao4) 681-682 Yongchun (永淳 yong3 chun2) 682-683 Hongdao (弘道 hong2 dao4) 683
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Li Xian^李顯 li3 xian3 or Li Zhe^李哲 li3 zhe2	684, 705-710	Sisheng (嗣聖 si4 sheng4) 684 Shenlong (神龍 shen2 long2) 705-707 Jinglong (景龍 jing3 long2) 707-710
Rui Zong (睿宗 rui4 zong1)	Li Dan^李旦 li3 dan4	684, 710-712	Wenming (文明 wen2 ming2) 684 Jingyun (景雲 jing3 yun2) 710-711 Taiji (太極 tai4 ji2) 712 Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 712
Wu Hou (武后 wu3 hou4)	Wu Ze Tian^武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1	684-705	Guangzhai (光宅 guang1 zhai2) 684 Chuigong (垂拱 chui2 gong3) 685-688 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang1) 689 Zaichu (載初 zai4 chu1) 690
Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD)
Convention: use personal name
Wu Hou (武后 wu3 hou4)	Wu Ze Tian^武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1	684-705	Tianshou (天授 tian1 shou4) 690-692 Ruyi (如意 ru2 yi4) 692 Changshou (長壽 chang2 shou4) 692-694 Yanzai (延載 yan2 zai4) 694 Zhengsheng (證聖 zheng4 sheng4) 695 Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲 tian1 ce4 wan4 sui4) 695-696 Wansuidengfeng (萬歲登封 wan4 sui4 deng1 feng1) 696 Wansuitongtian (萬歲通天 wan4 sui4 tong1 tian1) 696-697 Shengong (神功 shen2 gong1) 697 Shengli (聖曆 sheng4 li4) 698-700 Jiushi (久視 jiu3 shi4) 700 Daju (大足 da4 ju2) 701 Changan (長安 chang2 an1) 701-705
Continuation of Tang Dynasty
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) see note below the table	Li Chong Mao^李重茂 li3 chong2 mao4	710	Tanglong (唐隆 tang2 long2) 710
Xuan Zong (玄宗 xuan2 zong1)	Li Long Ji^李隆基 li3 long2 ji1	712-756	Xiantian (先天 xian1 tian1) 712-713 Kaiyuan (開元 kai1 yuan2) 713-741 Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 742-756
Su Zong (肅宗 su4 zong1)	Li Heng^李亨 li3 heng1	756-762	Jide (至德 zhi4 de2) 756-758 Qianyuan (乾元 qian2 yuan2) 758-760 Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 760-761
Dai Zong (代宗 dai4 zong1)	Li Yu^李豫 li3 yu4	762-779	Baoying (寶應 bao3 ying4) 762-763 Guangde (廣德 guang3 de2) 763-764 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 765-766 Dali (大曆 da4 li4) 766-779
De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1)	Li Gua^李适 li3 gua1	780-805	Jianzhong (建中 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783 Xingyuan (興元 xing1 yuan2) 784 Zhenyuan (貞元 zhen1 yuan2) 785-805
Shun Zong (順宗 shun4 zong1)	Li Song^李誦 li3 song4	805	Yongzhen (永貞 yong3 zhen1) 805
Xian Zong (憲宗 xian4 zong1)	Li Chun^李純 li3 chun2	806-820	Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 806-820
Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1)	Li Heng^李恆 li3 heng2	821-824	Changqing (長慶 chang2 qing4) 821-824
Jing Zong (敬宗 jing4 zong1)	Li Zhan^李湛 li3 zhan4	824-826	Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 824-826
Wen Zong (文宗 wen2 zong1)	Li Ang^李昂 li3 ang2	826-840	Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 826 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 太和) 827-835 Kaicheng (開成 kai1 cheng2) 836-840
Wu Zong (武宗 wu3 zong1)	Li Yan^李炎 li3 yan2	840-846	Huichang (會昌 hui4 chang1) 841-846
Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1)	Li Chen^李忱 li3 chen2	846-859	Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 847-859
Yi Zong (懿宗 yi4 zong1)	Li Cui^李漼 li3 cui3	859-873	Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 859 Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 860-873
Xi Zong (僖宗 xi1 zong1)	Li Xuan^李儇 li3 xuan1	873-888	Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 873-874 Qianfu (乾符 qian2 fu2) 874-879 Guangming (廣明 guang3 ming2) 880-881 Zhonghe (中和 zhong1 he2) 881-885 Guangqi (光啟 guang1 qi3) 885-888 Wende (文德 wen2 de2) 888
Zhao Zong (昭宗 zhao1 zong1)	Li Ye^李曄 li3 ye4	888-904	Longji (龍紀 long2 ji4) 889 Dashun (大順 da4 shun4) 890-891 Jingfu (景福 jing3 fu2) 892-893 Qianning (乾寧 qian2 ning2) 894-898 Guanghua (光化 guang1 hua4) 898-901 Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 901-904 Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) or 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 see note below	Li Zhu^李柷 li3 zhu4	904-907	Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904-907

Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) and 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 are posthumous names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

**Sovereigns in Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907-960**
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
the Five Dynasties
Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Hou (Later) Liang Dynasty 907-923
Tai Zu^太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhu Wen^朱溫 zhu1 wen1	907-912	Kaiping (開平 kai1 ping2) 907-911 Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 911-912
Did not exist	Mo Di ^末帝 mo4 di4	Zhu Zhen^朱瑱 zhu1 zhen4	913-923	Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 913-9115 Zhenming (貞明 zhen1 ming2) 915-921 Longde (龍德 long2 de2) 921-923
Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 923-936
Zhuang Zong^莊宗 zhuang1 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Li Cun Xu^李存勗 li3 cun2 xu4	923-926	Tongguang (同光 tong2 guang1) 923-926
Ming Zong^明宗 ming2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Li Si Yuan^李嗣源 li3 si4 yuan2 or Li Dan^李亶 li3 dan3	926-933	Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 926-930 Changxing (長興 chang2 xing1) 930-933
Did not exist	Min Di^節閔帝 min3 di4	Li Cong Xu^李從厚 li3 cong2 hou4	933-934	Yingshun (應順 ying4 shun4) 913-9115
Did not exist	Mo Di ^末帝 mo4 di4	Li Cong Ke^李從珂 li3 cong2 ke1	934-936	Qingtai (清泰 qing1 tai4) 934-936
Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 936-947
Gao Zu^高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Shi Jing Tang^石敬瑭 shi4 jing4 tang2	936-942	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 936-942
Did not exist	Chu Di^出帝 chu1 di4	Shi Chong Gui^石重貴 shi4 chong2 gui4	942-947	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 942-944 Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 944-947
Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 936-947
Gao Zu^高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Liu Zhi Yuan^劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3	947-948	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 947 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948
Did not exist	Yin Di^隱帝 yin3 di4	Liu Cheng You^劉承祐 liu3 cheng2 you4	948-950	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948-950
Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 951-960
Tai Zu^太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Guo Wei^郭威 guo1 wei1	951-954	Guangshun (廣順 guang3 shun4) 951-954 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Chai Rong^柴榮 chai2 rong2	954-959	Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954-959
Did not exist	Gong Di^恭帝 gong1 di4	Chai Zong Xun^柴宗訓 chai2 zong1 xun4	959-960	Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 959-960
the Ten Kingdoms
Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise
Wu Yue Kingdom 904-978
Tai Zu^太祖 tai4 zu3	Wu Su Wang^武肅王 wu3 su4 wang2	Qian Liu^錢鏐 qian2 liu2	904-932	Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 908-923 Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925 Baozheng (寶正 bao3 zheng4) 925-932
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Wen Mu Wang^文穆王 wen2 mu4 wang2	Qian Yuan Quan^錢元瓘 qian2 yuan2 guan4	932-941	Did not exist
Cheng Zong 成宗 cheng2 zong1)	Zhong Xian Wang^忠獻王 zhong1 xian4 wang2	Qian Zuo^錢佐 qian2 zuo3	941-947	Did not exist
Did not exist	Zhong Xun Wang^忠遜王 zhong1 xun4 wang2	Qian Zong^錢倧 qian2 zong1	947	Did not exist
Did not exist	Zhong Yi Wang^忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2	Qian Chu^錢俶 qian2 chu4	947-978	Did not exist
Min Kingdom 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 943-945
Tai Zu^太祖 tai4 zu3	Zhong Yi Wang^忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2	Wang Shen Zhi^王審知 wang2 shen3 zhi1	909-925	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Wang Yan Han^王延翰 wang2 yan2 han4	925-926	Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)	Wang Yan Jun^王延鈞 wang2 yan2 jun1	926-935	Longqi (龍啟 long2 qi3) 933-935 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 935
Kang Zong (康宗 kang1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wang Ji Peng^王繼鵬 wang2 ji4 peng2	935-939	Tongwen (通文 tong1 wen2) 936-939
Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wang Yan Xi^王延羲 wang2 yan2 xi1	939-944	Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 939-944
Did not exist	Tian De Di (天德帝 tian1 de2 di4) (as Emperor of Yin)	Wang Yan Zheng^王延政 wang2 yan2 zheng4	943-945	Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 943-945
Jing Nan or Nan Ping Kingdom 906-963
Did not exist	Wu Xin Wang^武信王 wu3 xin4 wang2	Gao Ji Xing^高季興 gao1 ji4 xing1	909-928	Did not exist
Did not exist	Wen Xian Wang^文獻王 wen2 xin4 wang2	Gao Cong Hui^高從誨 gao1 cong2 hui4	928-948	Did not exist
Did not exist	Zhen Yi Wang^貞懿王 yi4 wang2	Gao Bao Rong^高寶融 gao1 bao3 rong2	948-960	Did not exist
Did not exist	Shi Zhong^侍中 shi4 zhong1	Gao Bao Xu^高寶勗 gao1 bao3 xu4	960-962	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Gao Ji Chong^高繼沖 gao1 ji4 chong1	962-963	Did not exist
Chu Kingdom 897-951
Did not exist	Wu Mo Wang^武穆王 wu3 mo4 wang2	Ma Yin^馬殷 ma3 yin1	897-930	Did not exist
Did not exist	Heng Yang Wang^衡陽王 heng2 yang2 wang2	Ma Xi Sheng^馬希聲 ma3 xi1 sheng1	930-932	Did not exist
Did not exist	Wen Zhao Wang^文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2	Ma Xi Fan^馬希範 ma3 xi1 fan4	932-947	Did not exist
Did not exist	Fei Wang^廢王 fei4 wang2	Ma Xi Guang^馬希廣 ma3 xi1 guang3	947-950	Did not exist
Did not exist	Gong Xiao Wang^恭孝王 gong1 xiao4 wang2	Ma Xi E^馬希萼 ma3 xi1 e4	950	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Ma Xi Chong^馬希崇 ma3 xi1 chong2	950-951	Did not exist
Wu Kingdom 904-937
Tai Zu^太祖 tai4 zu3	Xiao Wu Di^孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4	Yang Xing Mi^楊行密 yang2 xing2 mi4	904-905	Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 904-905
Lie Zong^烈宗 lie4 zong1	Jing Di^景帝 jing3 di4	Yang Wo^楊渥 yang2 wo4	905-908	Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 905-908
Gao Zu^高祖 gao1 zu3	Xuan Di^宣帝 xuan1 di4	Yang Long Yan^楊隆演 yang2 long2 yan3	908-921	Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 908-919 Wuyi (武義 wu3 yi4) 919-921
Did not exist	Rui Di^睿帝 rui4 di4	Yang Pu^楊溥 yang2 pu3	921-937	Shunyi (順義 shun4 yi4) 921-927 Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) 929-935 Tianzuo (天祚 tian1 zuo4) 935-937
Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 937-975
Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Hou Zhu^李後主 li3 hou4 zhu3.
Xian Zhu^先主 xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu^烈祖 lie4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Li Bian^李(曰 on top of 弁) li3 bian4	937-943	Shengyuan (昇元 sheng1 yuan2) 937-943
Zhong Zhu^中主 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Zong^元宗 yuan2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Li Jing^李璟 li3 jing3	943-961	Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 943-958 Jiaotai (交泰 jiao1 tai4) 958 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 958
Hou Zhu^後主 hou4 zhu3	Wu Wang^武王 wu3 wang2	Li Yu^李煜 li3 yu4	961-975	Did not exist
Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 917-971
Gao Zu^高祖 gao1 zu3	Tian Huang Da Di^天皇大帝 tian1 huang2 da4 di4	Liu Yan^劉巖 liu3 yan2 or Liu Yan^劉(龍 on top of 天) liu3 yan3	917-925	Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 917-925 Bailong (白龍 bai2 long2) 925-928 Dayou (大有 da4 you3) 928-941
Did not exist	Shang Di^殤帝 shang1 di4	Liu Fen^劉玢 liu3 fen1	941-943	Guangtian (光天 guag1 tian1) 941-943
Zhong Zong^中宗 zhong1 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Liu Cheng^劉晟 liu3 cheng2	943-958	Yingqian (應乾 ying4 qian2) 943 Qianhe (乾和 qian4 he2) 943-958
Hou Zhu^後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	Liu Chang^劉鋹 liu3 chang3	958-971	Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 958-971
Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 951-979
Shi Zu^世祖 shi4 zu3	Shen Wu Di^神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4	Liu Min^劉旻 liu3 min2	951-954	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954
Rui Zong^睿宗 rui4 zong1	Xiao He Di^孝和帝 xiao4 he2 di4	Liu Cheng Jun^劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1	954-970	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957 Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 957-970
Shao Zhu^少主 shao4 zhu3	Did not exist	Liu Ji En^劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1	970	Did not exist
Did not exist	Ying Wu Di^英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4	Liu Ji Yuan^劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2	970-982	Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982
Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 907 - 925
Gao Zu^高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Wang Jian^王建 wang2 jian4	907-918	Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907 Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 911-915 Tongzheng (通正 tong1 zheng4) 916 Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 917 Guangtian (光天 guang1 tian1) 918
Hou Zhu^後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	Wang Yan^王衍 wang2 yan3	918-925	Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 925
Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 934 - 965
Gao Zu^高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Meng Zhi Xiang^孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2	934	Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934
Hou Zhu^後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	Meng Chang^孟昶 meng4 chang3	938-965	Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938 Guangzheng (廣政 guang3 zheng4) 938-965

Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms

**local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period but traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms**
Name of Posts	Personal Names	Period on post
Wuping and Hunan 節度^jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 950-963
Wuping strategos (correct English translation?)^武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3	Liu Yan^劉言 liu3 yan2	950-953
Wuping strategos (correct English translation?)^武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3	Wang Kui^王逵 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui^王進逵 wang2 jin4 kui2	953-956
Hunan strategos (correct English translation?)^湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3	Zhou Xing Feng^周行逢 zhao1 xing2 feng2	956-962
Hunan strategos (correct English translation?)^湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3	Zhou Bao Quan^周保權 zhao1 bao3 quan2	962-963
Quanzhang 節度^jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 945-978
Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)^泉漳都指揮使 quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3	Liu Cong Xiao^留從效 liu2 cong2 xiao4	945-962
Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)^泉漳留守 quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3	Liu Shao Zi^留紹鎡 liu2 shao4 zi1	962
Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)^泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3	Zhang Han Si^張漢思 zhang1 han4 si1	962-963
Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)^泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3	Chen Hong Jin^陳洪進 chen2 hong2 jin4	963-978

Liao Dynasty

**Liao Dynasty 907-1125**
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào)	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their according range of years
Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name
Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yelü Abaoji (耶律阿保機 Yēlǜ Ābǎojī)	907-926	Shence (神冊 Shéncè) 916-922 Tianzan (天贊 Tiānzàn) 922-926 Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 926
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yelü Deguang^耶律德光 Yēlǜ Déguāng	926-947	Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 927-938 Huitong (會同 Huìtóng) 938-947 Datong (大同 Dàtóng) 947
Shizong (世宗 Shìzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yelü Ruan^耶律阮 Yēlǜ Ruǎn	947-951	Tianlu (天祿 Tiānlù) 947-951
Muzong (穆宗 Mùzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yelü Jing^耶律璟 Yēlǜ Jǐng	951-969	Yingli (應曆 Yìnglì) 951-969
Jingzong (景宗 Jǐngzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yelü Xian^耶律賢 Yēlǜ Xián	969-982	Baoning (保寧 Bǎoníng) 969-979 Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 979-982
Shengzong (聖宗 Shèngzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yelü Longxu^耶律隆緒 Yēlǜ Lóngxù	982-1031	Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 982 Tonghe (統和 Tǒnghé) 983-1012 Kaitai (開泰 Kāitài) 1012-1021 Taiping (太平 Tàipíng) 1021-1031
Xingzong (興宗 Xīngzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yelü Zongzhen^耶律宗真 Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn	1031-1055	Jingfu (景福 Jǐngfú) 1031-1032 Chongxi (重熙 Chóngxī) 1032-1055
Daozong (道宗 Dàozōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yelü Hongji^耶律洪基 Yēlǜ Hóngjī	1055-1101	Qingning (清寧 Qīngníng) 1055-1064 Xianyong (咸雍 Xiányōng) 1065-1074 Taikang (太康 Tàikāng) or Dakang (大康 Dàkāng) 1075-1084 Da'an (大安 Dà'ān) 1085-1094 Shouchang (壽昌 Shòuchāng) or Shoulong (壽隆 Shòulóng) 1095-1101
Did not exist	Tianzuodi (天祚帝 Tiānzuòdì)	Yelü Yanxi^耶律延禧 Yēlǜ Yánxǐ	1101-1125	Qiantong (乾統 Qiántǒng) 1101-1110 Tianqing (天慶 Tiānqìng) 1111-1120 Baoda (保大 Bǎodà) 1121-1125

Song Dynasty

**Song dynasty 960-1279**
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng)
Bei (Northern) Song dynasty, 960- 1127
Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤 Zhào Kuāngyìn)	960-976	Jianlong (建隆 Jiànlóng) 960-963 Qiande (乾德 Qiándé) 963-968 Kaibao (開寶 Kāibǎo) 968-976
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Kuangyi (趙匡義 Zhào Kuāngyì) or Zhao Guangyi (趙光義 Zhào Guāngyì)	976-997	Taipingxingguo (太平興國 Tàipíngxīngguó) 976-984 Yongxi (雍熙 Yōngxī) 984-987 Duangong (端拱 Duāngǒng) 988-989 Chunhua (淳化 Chúnhuà) 990-994 Zhidao (至道 Zhìdào) 995-997
Zhenzong (真宗 Zhēnzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Heng (趙恆 Zhào Héng)	997-1022	Xianping (咸平 Xiánpíng) 998-1003 Jingde (景德 Jǐngdé) 1004-1007 Dazhongxiangfu (大中祥符 Dàzhōngxiángfú) 1008-1016 Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxǐ) 1017-1021 Qianxing (乾興 Qiánxīng) 1022
Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Zhen (趙禎 Zhào Zhēn)	1022-1063	Tiansheng (天聖 Tiānshèng) 1023-1032 Mingdao (明道 Míngdào) 1032-1033 Jingyou (景祐 Jǐngyòu) 1034-1038 Baoyuan (寶元 Bǎoyuán) 1038-1040 Kangding (康定 Kāngdìng) 1040-1041 Qingli (慶曆 Qìnglì) 1041-1048 Huangyou (皇祐 Huángyòu) 1049-1054 Zhihe (至和 Zhìhé) 1054-1056 Jiayou (嘉祐 Jiāyòu) 1056-1063
Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shu (趙曙 Zhào Shù)	1063-1067	Zhiping (治平 Zhìpíng) 1064-1067
Shenzong (神宗 Shénzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Xu (趙頊 Zhào Xū)	1067-1085	Xining (熙寧 Xīníng) 1068-1077 Yuanfeng (元豐 Yuánfēng) 1078-1085
Zhezong (哲宗 Zhézōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Xu (趙煦 Zhào Xǔ)	1085-1100	Yuanyou (元祐 Yuányòu) 1086-1094 Shaosheng (紹聖 Shàoshèng) 1094-1098 Yuanfu (元符 Yuánfú) 1098-1100
Huizong (徽宗 Huīzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Ji (趙佶 Zhào Jí)	1100-1125	Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國 Jiànzhōngjìngguó) 1101 Chongning (崇寧 Chóngníng) 1102-1106 Daguan (大觀 Dàguān) 1107-1110 Zhenghe (政和 Zhènghé) 1111-1118 Chonghe (重和 Chónghé) 1118-1119 Xuanhe (宣和 Xuānhé) 1119-1125
Qinzong (欽宗 Qīnzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Huan (趙桓 Zhào Huán)	1126-1127	Jingkang (靖康 Jìngkāng) 1125-1127
Nan (Southern) Song dynasty, 1127- 1279
Gaozong (高宗 Gāozōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Gou (趙構 Zhào Gòu)	1127-1162	Jingyan (靖炎 Jìngyán) 1127-1130 Shaoxing (紹興 Shàoxīng) 1131-1162
Xiaozong (孝宗 Xiàozōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shen (趙昚 Zhào Shèn)	1162-1189	Longxing (隆興 Lóngxīng) 1163-1164 Qiandao (乾道 Qiándào) 1165-1173 Chunxi (淳熙 Chúnxī) 1174-1189
Guangzong (光宗 Guāngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Dun (趙惇 Zhào Dūn)	1189-1194	Shaoxi (紹熙 Shàoxī) 1190-1194
Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Kuo (趙擴 Zháo Kuó)	1194-1224	Qingyuan (慶元 Qìngyuán) 1195-1200 Jiatai (嘉泰 Jiātài) 1201-1204 Kaixi (開禧 Kāixǐ) 1205-1207 Jiading (嘉定 Jiādìng) 1208-1224
Lizong (理宗 Lǐzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Yun (趙昀 Zhào Yún)	1224-1264	Baoqing (寶慶 Bǎoqìng) 1225-1227 Shaoding (紹定 Shàodìng) 1228-1233 Duanping (端平 Duānpíng) 1234-1236 Jiaxi (嘉熙 Jiāxī) 1237-1240 Chunyou (淳祐 Chúnyòu) 1241-1252 Baoyou (寶祐 Bǎoyòu) 1253-1258 Kaiqing (開慶 Kāiqìng) 1259 Jingding (景定 Jǐngdìng) 1260-1264
Duzong (度宗 Dùzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Qi (趙祺 Zhào Qí)	1264-1274	Xianchun (咸淳 Xiánchún) 1265-1274
did not exist	Gong Di (恭帝 Gōngdì)	Zhao Xian (趙顯 Zhào Xiǎn)	1274-1276	Deyou (德祐 Déyòu) 1275-1276
Duan Zong (端宗 Duān Zōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shi (趙是 Zhào Shì)	1276-1278	Jingyan (景炎 Jǐngyán) 1276-1278
did not exist	Di (帝 Dì) or Wei Wang (衛王 Wèiwáng)	Zhao Bing (趙昺 Zhào Bǐng)	1278-1279	Xiangxing (祥興 Xiángxīng) 1278-1279

Western Xia

**Western Xia 1032-1227**
Temple names	Posthumous names	Chinese family name and first names	Reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: "Western Xia" + temple name or "family name + first names"
Jǐngzōng (景宗)	Wǔlièdì (武烈帝)	Lǐ Yuánhào (李元昊)	1032-1048	Xiǎndào (顯道) 1032-1034 Kāiyùn (開運) 1034 Guǎngpíng (廣平) 1035-1036 Dàqìng (大慶) 1036-1038 Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò (天授禮法延祚) 1038-1048
Yìzōng (毅宗)	Zhāoyīngdì (昭英帝)	Lǐ Liàngzuò (李諒祚)	1048-1067	Yánsìníngguó (延嗣寧國) 1048-1049 Tiānyòuchuíshèng (天祐垂聖) 1050-1052 Fúshèngchéngdào (福聖承道) 1053-1056 Duǒdū (奲都) 1036-1038 Gǒnghuà (拱化) 1063-1067
Huìzōng (惠宗)	Kāngjìngdì (康靖帝)	Lǐ Bǐngcháng (李秉常)	1067-1086	Qiándào (乾道) 1067-1069 Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng (天賜禮盛國慶) 1070-1074 Dà'ān (大安) 1075-1085 Tiān'ānlǐdìng (天安禮定) 1085-1086
Chóngzōng (崇宗)	Shèngwéndì (聖文帝)	Lǐ Qiánshùn (李乾順)	1086-1139	Tiānyízhìpíng (天儀治平) 1086-1089 Tiānyòumín'ān (天祐民安) 1090-1097 Yǒng'ān (永安) 1098-1100 Zhēnguān (貞觀) 1101-1113 Yōngníng (雍寧) 1114-1118 Yuándé (元德) 1119-1127 Zhèngdé (正德) 1127-1134 Dàdé (大德) 1135-1139
Rénzōng (仁宗)	Shèngzhēndì (聖禎帝)	Lǐ Rénxiào (李仁孝)	1139-1193	Dàqìng (大慶) 1139-1143 Rénqìng (人慶) 1144-1148 Tiānshèng (天盛) 1149-1170 Qiányòu (乾祐) 1170-1193
Huánzōng (桓宗)	Zhāojiǎnjì (昭簡帝)	Lǐ Chúnyòu (李純佑)	1193-1206	Tiānqìng (天慶) 1193-1206
Xiāngzōng (襄宗)	Jǐngwǔdì (景武帝)	Lǐ Ānquán (李安全)	1206-1211	Qìngtiān (慶天) 1206-1209 Huángjiàn (皇建) 1210-1211
Shénzōng (神宗)	Yīngwéndì (英文帝)	Lǐ Zūnxū (李遵頊)	1211-1223	Guāngdìng (光定) 1211-1223
Xiànzōng (獻宗)	Did not exist	Lǐ Déwàng (李德旺)	1223-1226	Qiándìng (乾定) 1223-1226
Mòzhǔ (末主)	Did not exist	Lǐ Xiàn (李晛)	1226-1227	Bǎoyì (寶義) 1226-1227

Jin Dynasty

**Jin Dynasty 1115-1234**
Temple Name Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào	Posthumous Name Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào	Birth Name   姓名 xìngmíng	Years of Reign	Era Name Nian Hao 年號 niánhào and Years
Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name
Tàizǔ 太祖	(1)	Wányán Āgǔdǎ 完顏阿骨打	1115-1123	Shōuguó 收國 1115-1116   Tiānfǔ 天輔 1117-1123
Tàizōng 太宗	(1)	Wányán Wúqǐmǎi 完顏吳乞買 or Wányán (Shèng or Chéng) 完顏晟	1123-1134	Tiānhuì 天會 1123-1134
Xīzōng 熙宗	(1)	Wányán Hélá 完顏合剌 or Wányán Dǎn 完顏亶	1135-1149	Tiānhuì 天會 1135-1138   Tiānjuàn 天眷 1138-1141   Huángtǒng 皇統 1141-1149
(2)	Hǎilíngwáng 海陵王	Wányán Liàng 完顏亮	1149-1161	Tiāndé 天德 1149-1153   Zhènyuán 貞元 1153-1156   Zhènglóng 正隆 1156-1161
Shìzōng 世宗	(1)	Wányán Yōng 完顏雍	1161-1189	Dàdìng 大定 1161-1189
Zhāngzōng 章宗	(1)	Wányán Jǐng 完顏璟	1190-1208	Míngchāng 明昌 1190-1196   Chéng'ān 承安 1196-1200   Tàihé 泰和1200-1208
(2)	Wèishàowáng 衛紹王 or Wèiwáng 衛王	Wányán Yǒngjì 完顏永濟	1209-1213	Dà'ān 大安 1209-1212   Chóngqìng 崇慶 1212-1213   Zhìníng 至寧 1213
Xuānzōng 宣宗	(1)	Wányán Xún 完顏珣	1213-1223	Zhēnyòu 貞祐 1213-1217   Xīngdìng 興定 1217-1222   Yuánguāng 元光 1222-1223
Āizōng 哀宗	(1)	Wányán Shǒuxù 完顏守緒	1224-1234	Zhèngdà 正大 1224-1232   Kāixīng 開興 1232   Tiānxīng 天興 1232-1234
(2)	Mòdì 末帝	Wányán Chénglín 完顏承麟	1234	(2)

(1) Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign.
(2) Did not exist

Yuan Dynasty

Temple names	Posthumous names	Khan Names	Given names	Period of Reigns	Era names and their according range of years
Convention: use first name (e.g. Temujin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan.
Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Genghis Khan	Borjigin Temujin (孛兒只斤鐵木真 Bèi'érzhījīn Tiěmùzhēn)	1206-1227	did not exist
Ruizong (睿宗 Ruìzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	?	Borjigin Tolui (孛兒只斤拖雷 Bèi'érzhījīnTuōléi)	1228	did not exist
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Ögedei Khan	Borjigin Ögedei (孛兒只斤窩闊台 Bèi'érzhījīn Wōkuòtái)	1229-1241	did not exist
did not exist	did not exist		Töregene Khâtûn (乃馬真 Nǎimǎzhēn)	regent 1241-1246	did not exist
Dingzong (定宗 Dìngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Güyük Khan	Borjigin Güyük (孛兒只斤貴由 Bèi'érzhījīn Guìyuó)	1246-1248	did not exist
did not exist	did not exist	?	Oghul Ghaymish (海米失 Hǎimǐshī)	regent 1248-1251	did not exist
Xianzong (憲宗 Xiànzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Möngke Khan	Borjigin Möngke (孛兒只斤蒙哥 Bèi'érzhījīn Ménggē)	1251-1259	did not exist
Shizu (世祖 Shìzǔ)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Kublai Khan	Borjigin Kublai (孛兒只斤忽必烈 Bèi'érzhījīn Hūbìliè)	1260-1294	Zhongtong (中統 Zhōngtǒng) 1260-1264 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1264-1294
Chengzong (成宗 Chéngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Temür Öljeytü Khân	Borjigin Temür (孛兒只斤鐵木耳 Bèi'érzhījīn Tiěmù'ěr)	1294-1307	Yuanzhen (元貞 Yuánzhēn) 1295-1297 Dade (大德 Dàdé) 1297-1307
Wuzong (武宗 Wǔzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Qayshan Gülük	Borjigin Qayshan (孛兒只斤海山 Bèi'érzhījīn Hǎishān)	1308-1311	Zhida (至大 Zhìdà) 1308-1311
Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Ayurparibhadra	Borjigin Ayurparibhadra (孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 Bèi'érzhījīn Àiyùlíbálìbādá)	1311-1320	Huangqing (皇慶 Huángqìng) 1312-1313 Yanyou (延祐 Yányòu) 1314-1320
Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Suddhipala Gege'en	Borjigin Suddhipala (孛兒只斤碩德八剌 Bèi'érzhījīn Shuòdébālá)	1321-1323	Zhizhi (至治 Zhìzhì) 1321-1323
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì.
Jinzong (晉宗 Jìnzōng)	Taiding Di (泰定帝 Tàidìng Dì)	Yesün-Temür	Borjigin Yesün-Temür (孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Yěsūntiěmùér)	1323-1328	Taiding (泰定 Tàidìng) 1321-1328 Zhihe (致和 Zhìhé) 1328
did not exist	Tianshun Di (天順帝 Tiānshùn Dì)	Arigaba	Borjigin Arigaba (孛兒只斤阿速吉八 Bèi'érzhījīn Āsùjíbā)	1328	Tianshun (天順 Tiānshùn) 1328
Wenzong (文宗 Wénzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Jijaghatu Toq-Temür	Borjigin Toq-Temür (孛兒只斤圖鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tútiěmùér)	1328-1329 and 1329-1332	Tianli (天曆 Tiānlì) 1328-1330 Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1330-1332
Mingzong (明宗 Míngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Qoshila Qutuqtu	Borjigin Qoshila (孛兒只斤和世剌 Bèi'érzhījīn Héshìlà)	1329	did not exist
Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Irinchibal	Borjigin Irinchibal (孛兒只斤懿璘質班 Bèi'érzhījīn Yìlínzhìbān)	1332	Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1332
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng)	Shundi (順帝 Shùndì)	Toghan-Temür	Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér)	1333-1370	Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333 Yuantong (元統 Yuántǒng) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1335-1340 Zhizheng (至正 Zhìzhèng) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1368-1370

**Yuan Dynasty (after expelled from China by Ming in 1368) 1368 - mid 15th century**
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)	Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Khan Names	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use khan names or born names.
Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng) (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China)	Shundi (順帝 Shùndì)	Toghan-Temür	Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér)	1333-1370	Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333 Yuantong (元統 Yuántǒng) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1335-1340 Zhizheng (至正 Zhìzhèng) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1368-1370
Zhaozong (昭宗 Zhāozōng)	did not exist	Biligtü Khan	Ayushiridara of the Borjigin clan(孛兒只斤愛育識里達臘 Bèi'érzhījīn Àiyùshílǐdálà)	1370-1378	Xuanguang (宣光 Xuānguāng) 1371-1378
did not exist	did not exist	Usakhal Khan	Tögüs Temür of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤脫古思鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tuōgǔsī Tiěmùér)	1378-1387	Tianguang (天光 Tiānguāng) 1378-1387
Note: ....5 more khans before the Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin family stepped down from the khan throne....

Ming dynasty

To see the Ming dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here.

Personal Name	Posthumous name¹ (short form)	Temple name¹	Reign name	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Zhū Yuánzhāng 朱元璋	Gāodì 高帝	Tàizǔ 太祖	Hóngwǔ 洪武	1368-1398	The Hongwu Emperor
Zhū Yǔnwén 朱允炆	Huìdì 惠帝	None given²	Jiànwén 建文	1398-1402	The Jianwen Emperor
Zhū Dì 朱棣	Wēndì 文帝	Chéngzǔ, 成祖 or Tàizōng, 太宗	Yǒnglè 永樂	1402-1424	The Yongle Emperor
Zhū Gāochì 朱高熾	Zhāodì 昭帝	Rénzōng 仁宗	Hóngxī 洪熙	1424-1425	The Hongxi Emperor
Zhū Zhānjī 朱瞻基	Zhāngdì 章帝	Xuānzōng 宣宗	Xuāndé 宣德	1425-1435	The Xuande Emperor
Zhū Qízhèn 朱祁鎮	Ruìdì 睿帝	Yīngzōng 英宗	Zhèngtǒng, 正統 1436-1449; Tiānshùn, 天順 1457-1464	1435-1449; 1457-1464³	The Zhengtong Emperor
Zhū Qíyù 朱祁鈺	Jǐngdì 景帝	Dàizōng 代宗	Jǐngtài 景泰	1449-1457	The Jingtai Emperor
Zhū Jiànshēn 朱見深	Chúndì 純帝	Xiànzōng 憲宗	Chénghuà 成化	1464-1487	The Chenghua Emperor
Zhū Yòutáng 朱祐樘	Jìngdì 敬帝	Xiàozōng 孝宗	Hóngzhì 弘治	1487-1505	The Hongzhi Emperor
Zhū Hòuzhào 朱厚照	Yìdì 毅帝	Wǔzōng 武宗	Zhèngdé 正德	1505-1521	The Zhengde Emperor
Zhū Hòucōng 朱厚熜	Sùdì 肅帝	Shìzōng 世宗	Jiājìng 嘉靖	1521-1566	The Jiajing Emperor
Zhū Zǎihòu 朱載垕	Zhuāngdì 莊帝	Mùzōng 穆宗	Lóngqìng 隆慶	1566-1572	The Longqing Emperor
Zhū Yìjūn 朱翊鈞	Xiǎndì 顯帝	Shénzōng 神宗	Wànlì 萬曆	1572-1620	The Wanli Emperor
Zhū Chángluò 朱常洛	Zhēndì 貞帝	Guāngzōng 光宗	Tàichāng 泰昌	1620	The Taichang Emperor
Zhū Yóujiào 朱由校	Zhédì 悊帝	Xīzōng 熹宗	Tiānqǐ 天啟	1620-1627	The Tianqi Emperor
Zhū Yóujiǎn 朱由檢	Zhuānglièmǐn 莊烈愍	Sīzōng 思宗	Chóngzhēn 崇禎	1627-1644	The Chongzhen Emperor
1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.
2 The Yongle emperor usurped the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him.
3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun.

Southern Ming Dynasty

Personal Name	Temple name	Reign name	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Zhū Yóusōng 朱由崧	Ānzōng 安宗	Hóngguāng 弘光	1644-1645	Prince of Fu 福王 Fú Wáng
Zhū Yùjiàn 朱聿鍵	Shàozōng 紹宗	Lóngwǔ 隆武	1645-1646	Prince of Tang 唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Chángfāng 朱常淓	None given	None given, but sometimes referred to as the Regency of the Prince of Lu (Luh) 潞王臨國 Lù Wáng Lín Guó	1645	Prince of Lu (Luh*) 潞王 Lù Wáng
Zhū Yǐhǎi 朱以海	None given	None given, but sometimes referred to as the Regency of the Prince of Lu (Lou) 魯王臨國 Lǔ Wáng Lín Guó	1645-1653	Prince of Lu (Lou*) 魯王 Lǔ Wáng
Zhū Yùyuè 朱聿金粵	None given	Shàowǔ 紹武	1646	Prince of Tang 唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Yóuláng 朱由榔	None given	Yǒnglì 永曆	1646-1662	Prince of Gui 桂王 Guì Wáng

The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.

Qing dynasty

To see the Qing dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here.

Given name¹	Posthumous name² (short form)	Temple name²	Reign name Chinese, Manchu	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Nurhaci 努爾哈赤 pinyin: Nǔ'ěrhāchì	Gāodì 高帝	Tàizǔ 太祖	Tiānmìng 天命 Abkai fulingga	1616-1626³	Nurhaci
Hong Taiji⁴ 皇太極 pinyin: Huángtàijí	Wéndì 文帝	Tàizōng 太宗	Tiāncōng 天聰 Abkai sure 1627-1636; Chóngdé 崇德 Wesihun erdemungge 1636-1643	1626-1643	Hong Taiji
Fúlín 福臨	Zhāngdì 章帝	Shìzǔ 世祖	Shùnzhì 順治 Ijishūn dasan	1643-1661⁵	Shunzhi Emperor
Xuányè 玄燁	Réndì 仁帝	Shèngzǔ 聖祖	Kāngxī 康熙 Elhe taifin	1661-1722	Kangxi Emperor
Yìnzhēn 胤禛	Xiàndì 憲帝	Shìzōng 世宗	Yōngzhèng 雍正 Hūwaliyasun tob	1722-1735	Yongzheng Emperor
Hónglì 弘曆	Chúndì 純帝	Gāozōng 高宗	Qiánlóng 乾隆 Abkai wehiyehe	1735-1796 (died 1799)⁶	Qianlong Emperor
Yóngyǎn 顒琰	Ruìdì 睿帝	Rénzōng 仁宗	Jiāqìng 嘉慶 Saicungga fengšen	1796-1820	Jiaqing Emperor
Mínníng 旻寧	Chéngdì 成帝	Xuānzōng 宣宗	Dàoguāng 道光 Doro eldengge	1820-1850	Daoguang Emperor
Yìzhǔ 奕詝	Xiǎndì 顯帝	Wénzōng 文宗	Xiánfēng 咸豐 Gubci elgiyengge	1850-1861	Xianfeng Emperor
Zǎichún 載淳	Yìdì 毅帝	Mùzōng 穆宗	Tóngzhì 同治 Yooningga dasan	1861-1875⁷	Tongzhi Emperor
Zǎitián 載湉	Jǐngdì 景帝	Dézōng 德宗	Guāngxù 光緒 Badarangga doro	1875-1908⁷	Guangxu Emperor
Pǔyí 溥儀 also known as Henry	Xùndì ⁸ 遜帝	None given ⁹	Xuāntǒng 宣統 Gehungge yoso	1908-1924¹⁰ (died 1967)	Puyi
1 The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name.
2 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong.
3 Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously.
4 Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海).
5 The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644.
6 The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796.
7 The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own.
8 Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Pu-yi.
9 In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Pu-yi. Posthumous name: Mindi (愍帝). Temple name: Gongzong (恭宗). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public.
10 The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, and the last emperor, Pu-yi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. However, that same day the Republic of China granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Pu-yi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Pu-yi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Pu-yi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Pu-yi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Pu-yi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932-1934), then the puppet emperor of the same under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934-1945).

Taiping Rebellion

Personal name	Reign name 年號 (nian hao)	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全	Yuannian 元年	August, 1851 - May, 1864	Hong Xiuquan
Hong Tianguifu 洪天貴福	None given	May, 1864 - August, 1864	Hong Tianguifu

Hongxian

Personal name	Reign name 年號 (nian hao)	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Yuan Shikai 袁世凱	Hongxian 洪憲	1916	Yuan Shikai

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.